Mari Mengenal Tenses!

16 TENSES

 Hi, guys. What's up? Nah, dalam tulisan kali ini saya akan mencoba memaparkan berbagai jenis tenses atau bentuk waktu dalam bahasa inggris. Tulisan ini saya buat beberapa waktu lalu. Lumayan buat menambah pengetahuan kita tentang seluk beluk tata bahasa inggris. So, tinggalkan dulu sejenak segala sesuatu yang berbau eksak dan mari memulai acara perkenalan kita dengan tenses.  

Tenses adalah bentuk waktu yang biasa kita gunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Dengan tenses kita bisa menggunakan kalimat yang sesuai dengan keadaan. Misalnya, keadaan yang biasa kita lakukan, sedang berlangsung, akan kita lakukan, lampau dan lain-lain.
           Pemakaian kata kerja yang dipergunakan untuk suatu perbuatan yang dilakukan dengan kebiasaan, berbeda dengan pemakaian kata kerja yang dipergunakan dalam kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dan kata kerja di pergunakan untuk perbuatan lampau, itu juga berbeda. Tapi, kita harus ingat Cuma yang beda hanya bentuknya saja.

Tenses yang dipergunakan dalam bahasa Inggris itu jumlahnya ada 16 waktu, yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan “16 tenses “. Maka lebih jelasnya perhatikan bentuk-bentuk waktu berikut:

• PRESENT TENSE
1. Simple Present Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense
3. Present Perfect Tense
4. Present Perfect  Continuous Tense

• FUTURE TENSE
1. Simple Future Tense
2. Future Continuous Tense
3. Future Perfect Tense
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

• PAST FUTURE  TENSE
1. Past Future Tense
2. Past Future  Continuous Tense
3. Past Future Perfect Tense
4. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

• PAST TENSE
1. Simple Past Tense
2. Past Continuous Tense
3. Past Perfect Tense
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

A.  PRESENT TENSE

1.    Simple Present Tense (Waktu sekarang sederhana)

A.    RUMUS :

a. Bentuk nominal :                       I/You/We/They   + To Be (am/are)

He/she/It +  To Be (is)

Contoh : I am here every Friday.

      b. Bentuk verbal :                          I/You/We/They/ + V1

He/She/it + V1(s/es)

Contoh : I go to school every day.

Positif (+)                   S + V1(es/s) + O

Negatif (-)                  S + do/does + not + V1 + O

                   Introgatif(?)               Do/does + S + V1 + O

*Examples:

1.       (+) He writes a letter every month.

(-) He doesn’t write a letter every month.

(?) Does he write a letter every month?

2.       (+) She teaches English every week.

(- ) She doesn’t teach English every week.

(?) Does she teach English every week?

3.       (+) They study Mathematic every day.

(- ) They don’t study Mathematic every day.

(?) Do they study Mathematic every day?

4.       (+) She works in the office every Monday to Saturday.

(- ) She doesn’t work in the office every Monday to Saturday.

(?) Does she work in the office every Monday to Saturday?

5.       (+) They go to Jakarta every years.

(- ) They don’t go to Jakarta every years.

(? ) Do they go to Jakarta every years?

B. FUNGSI SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang biasa dilakukan.

Ex:

(+) He works every day.

(-) He does not work every day.

(?) Does he work every day?

2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum yang tak dapat dibantah (general truth).

Ex:

(+) A week has seven day.

(-) A week has not seven day.

(?) Has a week seven day?

C. Time Signal

1. Usually

Ex: I usually get up at 5 o’clock.

2. Always

Ex: I always drink milk.

3. Often

Ex: I often go to my grand mother house.

4. Generally

Ex: Generally, a rectangular has four corner.

5. Seldom

Ex: She seldom goes to school by car.

2.  Present Continuous Tense (Waktu berlangsung sekarang)

A.    RUMUS :

I/You/We/They/We + To Be (am/are) + V-ing

He/She/It/ + To Be (is) + V-ing

Contoh : I am playing basket now

Positif (+)                   S + to be + V-ing + O

                             Negatif (-)                  S + to be + not + V-ing + O 

Introgatif (?)              To be + S + V-ing + O

*Examples:

1.       (+) I am teaching English at the first grade of SMK IMMANUEL 2.

(-) I am not teaching English at the first grade of SMK IMMANUEL 2.

(?) Am I teaching English at the first grade of SMK IMMANUEL 2?

2.       (+) You are writing an English letter now.

(-) You are not writing an English letter now.

(?) Are you writing an English letter now?

3.       (+) We are learning tenses now.

(-) We are not learning tenses now.

(?) Are we learning tenses now?

4.       (+) I am going to school now.

(-) I am not going to school now.

(?) Am I going to school now?

5.       (+) John and James are running now.

(-) John and James are not running now.

(?) Are John and James running now?

B. FUNGSI PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang terjadi.

Ex: 

(+) I am going to Jakarta now.

(-) I am not going to Jakarta now.

(?) Am I going to Jakarta now?

2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang bersifat sementara.

Ex: 

(+) Purba is writing now but he will explain soon.

(-) Purba is not writing now but he will explain soon.

(?) Is Purba writing now but he will explain soon?

C. TIME SIGNAL

1. Today

Ex : I am teaching English today.

2. Right now

Ex : Rini is working right now.

3. When

Ex : Rina is coming to his home when I go to park.

4. Now

Ex : Roy is going to Bandung now.

5. Still

Ex : He is still angry to me.

3. Present Perfect Tense (Waktu selesai sekarang)

A. RUMUS :

a. Bentuk nominal :                            I/We/You/They/ + have + been + O

He/She/It + has +  been + O

Contoh : I have been study English since five years ago.

b. Bentuk verbal:                                 I/We/You/they/ + have + V3 + O

He/she/it + has + V3 + O

Contoh : I have eaten fried chicken

Positif (+)                  S + have/has + V3 + O

                   Negatif (-)                  S + have/has + not + V3 + O

Introgatif (?)             Have/has + S + V3 + O

*Examples:

1.       (+) We have learned English for two years.

(-) We have not learned English for two years.

(?) Have we learned English for two years?

2.       (+) She has taught English since 1988.

(-) She has not taught English since 1988.

(?) Has she taught English since 1988?

3.       (+) He has gone to Jakarta.

(-) He has not gone to Jakarta.

(?) Has he gone to Jakarta?

4.      (+) He has written a letter for thirty minutes.

(-) He has not written a letter for thirty minutes.

(?) Has he  written a letter for thirty minutes?

5.      (+) I have just spoken to him.

(-) I have not just spoken to him.

(?) Have I just spoken to him?

B. FUNGSI PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian di masa yang lampau tanpa menyebutkan waktu yang khusus (tertentu).

Ex: 

(+) I have gone to school.

(-) I have not gone to school.

(?) Have I gone to school?

2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan di masa lampau dan kegiatan masih berlangsung sampai saat ini.

Ex: 

(+) I have learned in the Immanuel school since 2000.

(-) I have not learned in the Immanuel school since 2000.

(?) Have I learned in the Immanuel school since 2000?

3. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang baru saja telah terjadi.

Ex: 

(+) I have just read my book.

(-) I have not just read my book.

(?) Have I just read my book?

C. TIME SIGNAL

1. Already

Ex: I  have had breakfast already.

2. Three Times

Ex: I have drunk medicine three times a day.

3. Finally

Ex: He has started to finally.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu selesai dengan berlangsung sekarang)

A. RUMUS :

I/We/you/they/ + have + been + V-ing

He/she/it + has + been + V-ing

Positif (+)                    S + have/has + been + V-ing + O

Negatif (-)                   S + have/has + not + been + V-ing + O

Introgatif (?)              Have/has + S + been + V-ing + O

*Examples:
1.       (+) I have been going to Samudra Beach for my holiday since 2002.

(-) I have not been going to Samudra Beach for my holiday since 2002.

(?) Have I been going to Samudra Beach for my holiday since 2002?

2.      (+) Mr. Burhanudin Simanjuntak has been teaching at SMK IMMANUEL 2 since                   2003.

(-) Mr. Burhanudin Simanjuntak has not been teaching at SMK IMMANUEL 2 since 2003.

(?) Has Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak been teaching at SMK IMMANUEL 2 since               2003?

3.       (+) She has been painting every day for a long time.

(-) She has not been painting every day for a long time.

(?) Has she been painting every day or along time?

4.       (+) It has been raining since at six o’clock.

(-) It has not been raining since at six o’clock.

(?) Has it been raining since at six o’clock?

5.       (+) The girl has been crying since he was a child.

(-) The girl has not been crying since he was a child.

(?) Has the girl been crying since has was a child?

B. FUNGSI PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang menjadi kebiasaan pada masa yang lampau dan perbuatan itu masih berlangsung hingga saat ini.
Ex:
(+) I have been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990.
(-) I have not been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990.
(?) Have I been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990?
2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah terjadi dimasa lampau dan akan berlangsung sampiai sekarang.
Ex:
(+) I have been studying here since 2000.
(-) I have not been studying here since 2000.
(?) Have I been studying here since 2000?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Since
Ex: We have been waiting for you since ne o’clock.
2. For
Ex: She has been studying English for over five years.
3. This month
Ex: I have been studying at his place this month.

B. FUTURE TENSE

5.  Simple Future Tense (Waktu akan datang sederhana)

 A. RUMUS  :

a. Bentuk nominal :                  I/We/ They/You/He/She/It + Shall/ Will + be + O

Contoh : She will be at home tomorrow

b. Bentuk verbal :                    I/We/ They/You/He/She/It + Shall/Will + V1 + O

Contoh : I will go to Jakarta tomorrow

Positif (+)                  S + shall/will + V1 + O

Negatif (-)                  S + shall/will + not + V1 + O

                   Introgatif (?)              Shall/will + S + V1 + O

*Examples:

1.       (+) He will go to Pasir Panjang tomorrow morning.

(-) He will not go to Pasir Panjang tomorrow morning.

(?) Will he go to pasir Panjang tomorrow morning?

2.       (+) I shall study hard next month.

(-) I shall not study hard next month.

(?) Shall I study hard next month?

3.      (+) I will go to Singkawang tomorrow.

(-) I will not go to Singkawang tomorrow.

(?) Will I go to Singkawang tomorrow?

4.       (+) She will write this lesson next week.

(-) She will not write this lesson next week.

(?) Will she write this lesson next week?

B. FUNGSI SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan.

Ex:

(+) I shall go to Surakarta tomorrow.

(-) I shall not go to Surakarta tomorrow.

(?) Shall I go to Surakarta tomorrow?

2. Juga bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu janji.

Ex: 

(+) I shall give your book tomorrow.

(-) I shall not give your book tomorrow.

(?) Shall I give your book tomorrow?

3. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu janji, tapi dengan syarat.

Ex: 

(+) Your mother will give you a new car if you past your exam.

(-) Your mother will not give you a new car if you past your exam.

(?) Will your mother give you a new car if you past your exam?

4. Digunakan untuk meminta tolong kepada seseorang.

Ex: 

(+) You will help me lift this table.

(-) You will not help me lift this table.

(?) Will you help me lift this table?

C. TIME SIGNAL

1. Tomorrow

Ex: I shall work tomorrow.

2. Next week

Ex: I shall teach next week.

3. Next Month

Ex: He will study in here next month.

6. Future Continuous Tense (Waktu sedang akan berlangsung akan datang)

A. RUMUS :     

I/We/You/They/He/She/It + shall/will + be + V-ing + O

Contoh : My father will be teaching Math at five o’clock next week.

Positif (+)                    S + shall/will + be + V-ing + O

Negatif (-)                   S + shall/will + not + be + V-ing + O

Introgatif (?)              Shall/will + S + be + V-ing + O

*Examples:

1.      (+) I shall be waiting for you in this station at four.

(-) I shall not be waiting for you in this station at four.

(?) Shall I be waiting for you in this station at four?

2.      (+) I shall be studying at this time tomorrow.

(-) I shall not be studying at this time tomorrow.

(?) Shall I be studying at this time tomorrow?

3.      (+) I shall be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening.

(-) I shall not be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening.

(?) Shall I be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening?

4.      (+) He will be working at this time tomorrow.

(-) He will not be working at this time tomorrow.

(?) Will he be working at this time tomorrow?

5.       (+) She will be going to be school together at seven o’clcok tomorrow.

(-) She will not be going to be school together at seven o’clock tomorrow.

(?) Will she be going to be school together at seven o’clock tomorrow?

B.FUNGSI FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu rencana, yang dilaksanakan mendatang.

Ex: 

(+) I will be going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow.

(-) I will not be going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow.

(?) Will I be going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow?

2. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan akan dilakukan dengan waktu tertentu, pada masa mendatang.

Ex: 

(+) I shall be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow.

(-) I shall not be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow.

(?) Shall I be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow?

C. TIME SIGNAL

1. At nine a o’clock tomorrow

Ex: I shall be working at nine a o’clock tomorrow morning.

2. At this time next year

Ex: At this time next year, Peter will be traveling in Japan.

7. Future Perfect Tense (Waktu selesai akan datang)

A. RUMUS :

a. Bentuk nominal :                 I/We/ They/You/He/she/It + shall/will + have + been + O

Contoh : She will have been at home.

b. Bentuk verbal :                    I/We They/you/He/She/It + shall/will + have + V3 + O

Contoh : We shall have arrived in Amerika on Sunday.

Positif (+)                                S + will/shall + have + V3 + O

Negatif (-)                               S + will/shall + not + have + V3 + O

Introgatif (?)                          Will/shall + S + have + V3 + O

*Examples:

1.       (+) She will have written his lesson by time he go out.

(-) She will not have written his lesson by time he go out.

(?) Will she have written his lesson by time he go out?

2.       (+) The game will have finished by the time he get three.

(-) The game will not have finished by the time he get three.

(?) Will the game have finished by the time he get three?

3.       (+) I shall have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow.

(-) I shall not have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow.

(?) Shall I have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow?

4.       (+) We shall have played a basketball when he came.

(-) We shall not have played a basketball when he came.

(?) Shall we have played a basketball when he came?

5.      (+) When my uncle comes tomorrow, my grandmother will have left my house.

(-) When my uncle comes tomorrow, my grandmother will not have left my house.

(?) When my uncle comes tomorrow, will my grandmother have left my house?

B. FUNGSI FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbutan yang akan selesai, sebelum waktu yang lain dimasa mendatang.

Ex: 

(+) By next week he will have read this book.

(-) By next week he will not have read this book.

(?) Will by next week he have read this book?

 2. Juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa akn selesai sebelum perbuatan lain, dimasa yang akan datang.

Ex: 

(+) When I comes, my uncle will have left my house.

(-) When I comes,my uncle will not have left my house.

(?) Will when I comes, my uncle have left my house?

C.TIME SIGNAL

1. By the end of

Ex: John will have done his work by the end of this week.

2. By next

Ex: By next week he will have read this book.

8. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu sedang berlangsung selesai akan datang)

A.    RUMUS :         

I/We/ You/they/He/she/It + shall/will + have +  been + V-ing + O

Contoh : By next new year I shall have been teaching at this SMP for three years.

Positif (+)                    S + shall/will + have + been + V-ing + O

Negatif  (-)                  S + shall + will + not + have + been + V-ing + O

Introgatif (?)              Shall/will + S + have + been + V-ing + O

*Examples:
1.      (+) I shall have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow.

(-) I shall not have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow.

(?) Shall I have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow?

2.      (+) By next fast day I shall have been teaching here six months.

(-) By next fast day I shall not have been teaching here six months.

(?) By next fast day shall I have been teaching here six months?

3.      (+) Next month Hery will have been studying here for two years.

(-) Next month Hery will not have been studying here for two years.

(?) Next month will Hery have been studying here for two years?

4.       (+) Next week Bu Yusni will have been teaching at SMK IMMAMUEL 2 school for one years.

(-) Next week Bu Yusni will not have been teaching at SMK IMMANUEL 2 school for one year.

(?) Next week will Bu Yusni have been teaching at SMK IMMANUEL 2 school for one year?

5.      (+) He will have been working in the office at this time tomorrow.

(-) He will not have been working in the office at this time tomorrow.

(?) Will he have been working in the office at this time tomorrow?

B. FUNGSI FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah dikerjakan pada masa yang lampau dan masih berlangsung pada waktu tertentu dimasa yang akan datang.
Ex: By the end of this year we shall have been studying in German for five year.

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. By the end of this year
Ex: By the end of this year we shall have been studying German for four years.
2. By the end of this month
Ex: By the end of this month, I shall have been working in this office for five years.

C. PAST FUTURE TENSE

9. Past Future Tense (Waktu akan datang waktu lampau)

A. RUMUS :

    Subject  +  Should/Would  +  V1 + O

Contoh : I should be in jakarta the next day

Positif (+)                    S + should/would + V1 + O

Negatif (-)                   S + should/would + not + V1 + O

                             Introgatif (?)              Should/would + S + V1 + O
*Examples:
1.       (+) I should go to Mojosari next day.

(-) I should not go to Mojosari next day.

(?) Should I go to Mojosari next day?

2.       (+) He would buy a car the day before.

(-) He would not buy a car the day before.

(?) Would he buy a car the day before?

3.       (+) He would come if you invited him.

(-) He would not come if you invited him.

(?) Would he come if you invited him?

4.       (+) You would give me this pen last Saturday.

(-) You would not give me this pen last Saturday.

(?) Would you give me this pen last Saturday?

5.       (+) She would have breakfast before at seven.

(-) She would not have breakfast before at seven.

(?) Would she have breakfast before at seven?

B. FUNGSI PAST FUTURE TENSE

1.      Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan pada masa lampau.

Ex:
(+) I should go to England last year.
(-) I should not go to England last year.
(?) Should I go to England last year?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Last year
Ex: He would go to Semarang last year.
2. Last week
Ex: They would trip to Paris last week.
3. Before
Ex: I should buy a car the day before.
4. Next day
Ex: She should go to Riau next day.
5. Invited
Ex: They would come if you invited him.

10. Past Future Continuous Tense (Waktu akan sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau)

A. RUMUS :       

Subject + should/would + be + V-ing + O

Contoh : We should be playing cards before going to bed.

Positif (+)                    S + should/would + be + V-ing + O

Negatif (-)                   S + should/would + not + be + V-ing + O

Introgatif (?)              Should/would + S + be + V-ing + O

*Examples:
1.       (+) I should be finishing this home work at this time following week.

(-) I should not be finishing this home work at this time following week.

(?) Should I be finishing this home work at this time following week?

2.       (+) We should be going to beach the following week.

(-) We should not be going to beach the following week.

(?) Should we be going to beach the following week?

3.      (+) He would be following the flag ceremony at this time the following day.

(-) He would not be following the flag ceremony at this time the following day.

(?) Would he be following the flag ceremony at this time the following day?

4.      (+) She would be finishing this job at this time following month.

(-) She would not be finishing this job at this time following month.

(?) Would she be finishing this job at this time following month?

5.      (+) They would be having examination at this time the following year.

(-) They would not be having examination at this time the following year.

(?) Would they be having examination at this time the following year?

B. FUNGSI PAST  FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSE
1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang akan sedang dilakukan pada masa yang lampau.
Ex: I should be taking an examination at this time the following day.

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. Last week
Ex: At six o’clock last week, I should be buying in this supermarket.

11. Past Future Perfect Tense (Waktu akan sudah selesai pada waktu lampau)

A. RUMUS :       

Subject + should/would + have + V3 + O

Contoh : He would have finished his work if he had got help

(Dia akan telah menyelesaikan pekerjaannya jika dia telah mendapat bantuan)

Positif (+)                    S + should/would + have + V3 + O

Negatif (-)                   S + should/would + not + have + V3 + O

          Introgatif (?)              Should/would + S +  have + V3 + O

*Examples:

1.                   (+) I should have paid if I had come here.
             (-) I should not have paid if I had come here.
            (?) Should I have paid  if I had come here?

2.                    (+) He would have success if  he had worked here.
            (-) He would not have success if he had worked here.
            (?) Would he have success if he had worked here?

3.                    (+) She would have graduated if she had studied hard.
            (-) She would not have graduated if she had studied hard.
            (?) Would she have graduated if she had studied hard?

4.                    (+) I hoped that you would have married before you worked here.
            (-) I hoped not that you would have married before you worked here.
            (?) Would I hoped that you have married before you worked here?

5.                    (+) I hoped that you would have paid before you come here.
            (-) I hoped not that you would have paid before you come here.
            (?) Would I hoped that you have paid before you come here?

B. FUNGSI  PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena syarat yang tidak terpenuhi, namun hanya sebagai bayangan saja.
Ex: 

(+) He would have graduated if he had studied hard.
(-) He would not have graduated if he had studied hard.
(?) Would he have graduated if he had studied hard?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. If he had studied hard
Ex: They would have graduated if they had studied hard.

12. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu akan sudah sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau)

A. RUMUS :          

 Subject + should/would + have + been + V-ing + O

Contoh : By last Saturday I should have been sailing for two days

Positif (+)                    S + should/would + have + been + V-ing + O
Negatif (-)                   S + should/would + not + have + been + V-ing + O
Introgatif (?)              Should/would + S + have + been + V-ing + O

*Examples:

1.         (+) By last February, I should have been working this restaurant for one year.
(-) By last February I should not have been working this restaurant for one year.
(?) Should by last February I have been working this restaurant for one year?

2.         (+) By  last July we should have been studying this school for three years.
(-) By last July we should not have been studying this school for three years.
(?) Should by last July we have been studying this school for three years?

3.         (+) By last fast day he would have been living this apartement for five years.
(-) By last fast day he would not have been living this apartement for five years.
(?) Would by last fast day he have been living this apartement for five years?

4.         (+) She would have been teaching English for one years by last Friday.
(-) She would not have been teaching English for one years by last Friday.
(?) Would she have been teaching English for one years by last Friday?

5.         (+) The magazine would have been reading by Anis.
(-) The magazine would not have been reading by Anis.
(?) Would the magazine have been reading by Anis?

B. FUNGSI PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah sedang berlangsung pada waktu yang lampau.
Ex: (+) By last Christmas I should have been working in that office for five years.
(-) By last Christmas I should not have been working in that office for five years.
(?) Should by last Christmas I have been working in that office for five years?

C. TIME SIGNAL
1. By the end of this week
Ex: By the end of this week, I should have come here.
2. By the end of this month
Ex: By the end of this month, He would have graduated studied.

D. PAST TENSE

13. Simple Past Tense (Waktu lampau sederhana)

A.    RUMUS :

a. Bentuk nominal :                 You/They/We + To Be (were)

I/he/she/it + To Be (was)

Contoh : I was here lat night

b. Bentuk verbal :        I/You/We/She/It + V2

Contoh : I went Last week

Positif (+)                   S + V2 + O

Negatif (-)                   S + did not + V1 + O

Introgatif (?)             Did + S + V1 + O

*Examples:

1.       (+) Sarah invited me last week.

(-) Sarah did not invite me last week.

(?) Did Sarah invite me last week?

2.      (+) I went to Jakarta yesterday.

(-) I did not go to Jakarta yesterday.

(?) Did I go to Jakarta yesterday?

3.      (+) You watched TV last week.

(-) You did not watch TV last week.

(?) Did you watch TV last week?

 4.      (+) I wrote a letter for  her last week.

(-) I did not write a letter for  her last week.

(?) Did  I write a letter for  her last week?

5.      (+) It rain since at five o’clock.

(-) It did not rain since at five o’clock.

(?) Did it rain since at five o’clock?

B. FUNGSI PENGGUNAAN PAST TENSE

1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang dimulai dan kejadian itu berakhir , pada masa yang lampau. Dan sampai sekarang ini , sudah tidak ada hubungannya lagi. Kejadian yang lampau itu, baik dilakukan secara berkali-kali atau sekali.

Ex: 

(+) I went to school yesterday.

(-) I did not go to school yesterday.

(?) Did I go to school yesterday?

C. TIME SIGNAL

1. Last Year

Ex: I went to Yogjakarta last year.

2. Yesterday

Ex: Dini went to my home yesterday.

3. Last Week

Ex: I finished my work last week.

4. Ago

Ex: She taught English three days ago.

5. Last Saturday

Ex: I went to here last Saturday.

14. Past Continuous Tense (Waktu berlangsung lampau)

A. RUMUS :

I/He/She/It/ + was + V-ing

We/You/They/ + were + V-ing

Contoh :  I was writing a lesson all day yesterday

   Positif (+)                   S + was/were + V-ing + O

            Negatif (-)                   S + was/were + not + V-ing + O

            Introgatif (?)              Was/were + S + V-ing + O

*Examples:

1.       (+)The third years students were sitting behind the teacher’s room yesterday.

(-) The third years students were not sitting behind the teacher’s room yesterday.

(?) Were the third years students sitting behind the teacher’s room yesterday?

2.       (+) He was playing football yesterday.

(-) He was not playing football yesterday.

(?) Was he playing football yesterday?

3.       (+) They were working in the office yesterday.

(-) They were not working in the office yesterday.

(?) Were they working in the office yesterday?

4.       (+) Tuti was reading a novel when I come yesterday.

(-) Tuti was not reading a novel when I come yesterday.

(?) Was Tuti reading a novel when I come yesterday?

5.       (+) They were studying Biologi at ten o’clock last Friday.

(-) They were not studying Biologi at ten o’clock last Friday.

(?) Were they studying Biologi at ten o’clock last Friday?

B. FUNGSI PENGGUNAAN PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang sedang berlangsung dalam waktu yang bersamaan di masa yang lampau.

Ex: 

(+) I was going to garden when it began to rain.

(-) I was not going to garden when it began to rain.

(?) Was I going to garden when it began to rain?

2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung pada masa yang lampau.

Ex: 

(+) At three o’clock last week, she was reading.

(-) At three o’clock last week, she was not reading.

(?) At three o’clock last week was she reading?

3. Bentuk ini, juga digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang bersamaan waktu dan berlangsung lama pada masa yang lampau.

Ex: 

(+) I was reading a book, while Ani writing a letter.

(-) I was not reading a book,while Ani writing a letter.

(?) Was I reading a book,while Ani writing a letter?

C. TIME SIGNAL

1. Last Week

Ex: At seven o’clock last week, he was playing football.

2. Yesterday

Ex: All day yesterday, they were working in the office.

15. Past Perfect Tense (Waktu selesai lampau) 

A. RUMUS :

a. Bentuk nominal :     I/You/They/We/He/She/It/ + had + Been

Contoh : He had been at home.

b. Bentuk verbal  :        I/You/They/We/He/She/It/ + had + V3

Contoh : I had left before may parents come.

Positif (+)                    S + had + V3 + O

                   Negatif (-)                   S + had not + V3 + O

Introgatif (?)              Had + S + V3 + O

*Examples:

1.       (+) The train had left before I arrived.

(-) The train had not left before I arrived.

(?) Had the train left before I arrived?

2.      (+) I had copied the lesson before she come home.

(-) I had not copied the lesson before she come home.

(?) Had I copied the lesson before she come home?

3.       (+) I had come home before I week three.

(-) I had not come home before I week three.

(?) Had I come home before I week three?

4.       (+) I had written this lesson before he called me.

(-) I had not written a lesson before he called me.

(?) Had I written a lesson before he called me?

5.      (+) When my brother arrived, I had painted my car.

(-) When my brother arrived, I had not painted my car.

(?) When my brother arrived, had I painted my car?

B. FUNGSI PAST PERFECT TENSE

1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang selesai sebelum kejadian lain terjadi di masa lampau.

Ex: 

(+) I had come home before I went there.

(-) I had not come home before I went there.

(?) Had I come home before I went there?

2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu di masa yang lampau.

Ex: 

(+) By the end of the month, she had lived here.

(-) By the end of the month, she had not lived here.

(?) Had by the end of the month, she lived here?

C. TIME SIGNAL

1. On

Ex: On sunday morning, I had painted my car.

2. When

Ex: When my brother arrived, I had painted my car.

3. Before

Ex: The train had left before I arrived.

4. After

Ex: She told me her name after I had asked her twice.

16. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu sedang berlangsung selesai lampau)

A. RUMUS :        

I/You/They/We/She/He/It + Had + Been + V-ing + O

Contoh : When I came from Bangkalan  in 1993, she had been living there about seven years.

Positif (+)                                S + had + been + V-ing + O

Negatif (-)                               S + had + not + been + V-ing + O

          Introgatif (?)                          Had + S + been + V-ing + O

*Examples:

1.       (+) Dodi had been looking for the girl for a year before he applied her.

(-) Dodi had not been looking for the girl for a year before he applied her.

(?) Had Dodi been looking for the girl for a year before he applied her?

2.       (+) I had been playing a football when they came.

(-) I had not been playing a football when they came.

(?) Had I been playing a football when they came?

3.       (+) She had been cooking a vegetable when he came.

(-) She had not been cooking a vegetable when he came.

(?) Had she been cooking a vegetable when he came?

4.       (+) When I came, his father had been leaving for six hours.

(-) When I came, his father had not been leaving for six hours.

(?) When I came, had his father been leaving for six hours?

5.       (+) I had been waiting for you since at seven o’clock.

(-) I had not been waiting for you since at seven o’clock.

(?) Had I been waiting for you since at seven o’clock?

B.     FUNGSI  PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung lama sebelum kejadian yang lain di masa yang lampau juga.

Ex: 

(+) I had been looking for the Ira for two weeks before we meet.

(-) I had not been looking for the Ira for two weeks before we meet.

(?) Had I been looking for the Ira for two weeks before we meet?

C. TIME SIGNAL

1. When

Ex: When she came to Jakarta in 2010, I had already been living there about five years.